Our supremacies... (Public) Our supremacies... The reign that could be Gennaro De Crescenzo From the jobs publics to the right, from the specialistiche productions to the scientific discoveries, from the social conquests to the technologies more advances, often, reading between documents of our history the relative news to the supremacies of the Reign of Naples, come outside an unknown picture of a nation that was following a its political distance, social, economic and cultural coherent with the choices of its ruling classes and with the expectations of the people it governs to you. In this center they will be synthetically signals the supremacies to you more meant to you: in some case it was be a matter of important episodes but it isolates you of our history, others have constituted the bases and the premises for ulterior progresses. Between the more famous supremacies they are sure from including those legacies to some public works realized around to the half of the 1800's. 4 October of 1839 was inaugurated to Naples the first Italian railroad, the Naples-Porches. "To it marks given them from the high of stretches real - it writes the Newspaper of the Two Sicilie- it leave from the station of Naples the first convoy composed of cars on which tidily went 48 invites to you, 60 officials of the Army of Its Maest?, 30 soldiers of infantry, 30 of artillery and 60 sailors of our Real Woods. And music of the Real Guard [... ]. Reached it the Granatello closed the convoy in the last car toasts some returned to the station waves it moved erasi... After this first travel vedesi from the prepared altar the solemn blessing of the new road... Immediately the cars of the first convoy joined glue of the Real Car left then all empty ones from Nolana door and they were stopped under the bridge of Carrione where Its Maest? with the Real place in the Real taken Family Car and all the prepraised personages whom they made corteggio placed in the others [... ] between lieta multitude of gradevole people that celebrating they enjoyed new and the show. A grate outcry admiration was raised from the people wherever it passed to the King with its magnificent convoy [... ]. the populations of Naples and near lands accorrevano in greatest number like to one new show. All the delicious villas crossed from the road were gone filling up of gentiluomini and checkerses dressed in festivity day... ". During the travel mrs. Cottrau, daughter of a public civil employee, was picked from the doglie and to house she give birth the Alfredo small, destined to become a specialistic engineer just in the construction of railway lines (the 7,900 meters of the road had been constructed in a year: in October they had only covered it 57,779 persons; 28.000 in the first days of November. The rates (many lowlands) previewed "for the first places grains 5; for the thirds party you mail grains 3; ox, vacca, Taurus grains 6; horse or other animal from shooting grains 3.5; year-old calf, montone, pig 1,5 grains; grains 12 for every cantaia of merchandise; grains 12 for car over platform ". In 1843 the Naples-Caserta feature was inaugurated extended until Capua in 1845; in the 1856 Nola-Sarno feature while already it had been extended front line until Castellammare. The plans of Francisco II were not capacities a.termine and the difficulties put into effect them of many southern railway lines confirm the difficulties met from the same borbonico government in the improvement of the railroads and their farsightedness in the valorization of the marine transports. And there is still who tells that that railroad had been intentional from the king for svago personal. Closely tied to the railroad it was the factory of Pietrarsa, the first factory metal and mechanics of Italy with its 1050 laborers (the Ansaldo of Genoa occupied some in same years 480, FIAT of Turin still was not been born). To Pietrarsa, in fact, they came constructed also to the locomotives and the tracks. The ancient plant of which news deepened in the understood one will be given more happened them is currently center of a Railway Museum that conserve also one reconstruction of the Bayard and the vagoni of the Naples-Porches. In you open them of 1832 had been inaugurated the first bridge in iron in Italy on the Garigliano with a most modern suspended metallic attice: same Ferdinand II, the day before the inauguration, tested the "Ferdinandeo Bridge" sostandovi to the center while two squares of lancers passed to the trot and sixteen towings of artillery. The four years of job he employs you for 75,000 ducati and 68,857 chili of iron. Sure less famous an other supremacy legacy always to the public works of the time: the construction of the first locomotive to collinare edited by Giovanni Pattison, able to exceed pendii of 2,5%. Neapolitan, moreover, the first constructed lenticular beacon in Italy. Neapolitan also the first telegraph electrical worker in 1849. Indicating paper the telegraphic lines of the Reign of the Two Sicilie (sended from David Cristaldi) From the Borbone the first lighting system to gas of one was always intentional Italian city (in 1839 and only after London and Paris). And always Ferdinand II had made to dig for before the time of artesian pools (2). Between the supremacies they would be from considering also the jobs for the famous ones and tragically Regi Lagni or those for the river bed of the Sarno in the May of 1858 puts into effect them, that they designed the idrogeologico order of the territory in adequate and sure way (3). Closely legacy to the marine transports and the great and ancient tradition of our shipbuilding one, alloy an event that less constituted one of the known supremacies but more perhaps meant to you, above all for the perspectives that could have had: the 16 you open them of 1833 left from Naples "Francisco I", first ship from cruise sure for Italy and one of first to the world. Preceded from a advertising campaign similar to those it puts into effect them, were embarked noble, real authorities, principles, 13 English, 12 French, 3 Russians, 3 Spanish, 2 prussiani, 2 Bavarians, 2 Dutch, 1 Hungarian, 1 Swiss, 1 Swede, 1 Greek (with functions that today we could define even than tour operator). In little more than three months the ship passed for Taormina, Catania, Siracusa, Malta, Corf?, Patrasso, Delfo, Zante, Atene, Smirne and Costantinopoli and returned to Naples: all, as for it puts into effect them to it crocieristi, with excursions and visits guided, dances, small tables from game on the bridge and festivities to edge. One of the hosts, French architect Marchebeus, therefore describes its travel: "the sea was large from two days [... ] slowly advanced in spite of the force of the 120 horses of our machine and the night us surprised with the threat of one storm. Our ship provoked on its phosphorescent flame way long strisce, but little passengers were in a position to being interested to this phenomenon since nearly all were in preda to a orribile badly of sea. When the sea plac? in the strait of Messina all were returned active as null it had been and disembarked to Messina where in great part it was invite you to a dance offered in honor of the King of Naples then reached in city ". And between important festivities and encounter (the King of Greece, the governor of Malta, the sultani)"the largest and beautifulst steamboat that son views up to now in the Mediterranean" was re-entered to Naples to 9 noon of August 1833. Always according to the opinion of the reporter cited before, "reassuming, the first tourist cruise that has been made, given the age in which program-route had place, for the persons that part took to you, pel, for the svaghi shining that accompanied it, in spite of some disadvantage, can very well make to say: better today is not made "(4). The first tourist agencies, of the rest, to continuation of the diggings of Pompei and Ercolano, were had just in the Reign of the Two Sicilie and Naples and Paris were the cities with greater tourist affluence between the 1700's and the 1800's (in the 1838 solo in lodge first category turned out beyond 8500 name you of tourists) (5). To the same tradition tied to the sea some of the more famous supremacies are tied: the Reign had the first mercantile fleet and the first military fleet of Italy. Of the rest it had been the giurista Michele de Jorio, of Procida, to compile the first Marine Code, more times cited or copied, already in 1781: before then every state it had regulations unties to you on several the fields of navigation and marine commerce (6). "Ferdinand I", then, constructed to Naples and left from Naples in 1818, was the first steamboat to furrow the Mediterranean. To Castellammare it had been constructed to the greatest Italian propeller battleship (the "Monarch", 3800 tons). To this purpose there is from emphasizing the constitution of the first company of navigation to vapor in 1836 and, always in the Mediterranean, to demonstration of the fact that the Borbone had already intuito the importance of the cultural exchanges, economic and trades them with the countries of that area for the meridione of Italy. Subsequently Ferdinand II, with a decree that evidenced the increment of the traffics and the will of increasing them ulteriorly, granted to protections and tax exemptions "to any established foreign suddito or in the Reign that he constructed in the yards of the same one or you introduced from the alien a steamboat in order to assign it to merchant marine" (7). Nacquero therefore the company of Vincenzo Florio, that one of De Martino, the Society Calabro-Sicula and, in 1853, that Sicilian Society Ocean-going liner of the palermitano Salvatore De Peace that with the steamboat "Sicily", first in the Mediterranean, it began of the periodic travels in America in 26 days (8). One of first you decree of Garibaldi combined the mercantile and military ships of the Two Sicilie to the fleet of King Vittorio Emanuele. The first dry dock in masonry, always for the same politics of valorization of the resource-sea, was inaugurated to Naples in 1852 "between grida uproarious of Alive the King, to churn of handkerchiefs, nails head and of raised palms, to fly in air and to fall on the waves of a nembo of giubbe, caps and altrettali things, not without commotion and lagrime of the regarding [... ] while the re-united bands played the hymn borbonico"... (9). Between the public works and the social conquests, instead, other initiatives like the construction of orfanatrofi, ospizi, colleges, conservatives and structures of attendance and formation could be considered that, for number and quality, constituted without doubt a supremacy to European level. Between most famous and efficient they remember senz' other the Real Hotel of the Poor ones of Naples, one true and own city (1600 rooms) able to accommodate forming them and starting them on the job in various fields beyond 3000 persons, the Real Hotel of Poor d Palermo, the College of the Carminello to Naples (quite with the possibility of stage to the foreign country for the students), the Real Hostel of saint Ferdinand to Salerno, the Real College Tulliano to Arpino, the Real Orfanatrofio Maria Cristina to Bitonto, the Real Hostel Francisco to Giovinazzo, the Real House of mendicity to Sulmona, the Institute Principles of Naples (first example to the world of professional formation of the blind people), the first institutes for deafs-mute (1835), the Real Morotrofio di Aversa, first and modern Italian psychiatric hospital (and to this purpose is from emphasizing also the high degree of scientificit? caught up from the psicoterapia in the Reign). the 14 institutes of advanced medium instruction, the 34 conservatives altogether for boys and girls in the single Naples (10). They turned out also other supremacies a lot meant to you: the lowest percentage than infantile mortality and the highest percentage than doctors for inhabitants in Italy, percentages entire turned over regarding the rest of the Italian peninsula little years after unification (11). A true one and just arranges of "popular houses" applied in modern way for before the time in Italy, turned out is to Saint Leucio near Caserta that to Barletta (12). Even if the argument is not between pleasantest, cannot truly not cite an other example of social conquest to the vanguard for the times: 31 December of 1763 was inaugurated to Naples, near Poggioreale and on design of Ferdinand Escape, the "Cemetary of the 366 was" (currently in pessime conditions), "where they go to bury the bodies of that those people die in the hospitals and of all which for being too much poor cannot be carried in the churches"; vent' years after to Palermo it came constructed to the first cemetary in Europe to use of all the social classes and in the 1817 always Ferdinand it ordered to the construction of cemetaries in all the common ones of the Reign so that "to the clear citizens in the limbs and sciences, or for facts of war it can in the cemetaries be raised always alive monuments or other that is worth to conserve the memory and in pregio [... ] and is allowed to place one lapide in memory of the friend and the relative. The private virtues are those that form the public virtues and who door niuno love to its own family will not be able giammai to love that widest one which it belongs, Patria"(13). Other enviable supremacy to social level, finally, was the creation of a pension system for the workers with one withheld of 2% on the wages; all employ it to you place R-retired with 40 years more a day to you than service they would have received the totality of wage (14). Along also the directory of the supremacies of cultural and scientific character. The Saint theatre Carl, realized in hardly 270 days from Medrano architect and the Carasale company in 1737, the first theatre in the world for the prestige of the teatrali and musical seasons and for the quality of the building and the acoustics. In the 1812 the first Dancing-school in Italy was annexed. Meaningful of the cultural climate of the time also the total number of the theatres and the most prestigious musical conservatives in all the Reign. In this center the diggings of Pompei and Ercolano cannot not be cited, the more important intentional archaeological diggings of the world from Carl di Borbone and are continued from the other monarchs; meaningful also the sequence of the institutions created in parallel with the beginning of the diggings in 1738; in 1752 it comes instituted the Real Printing office in order to illustrate with opportune banns the antiquities found again in the diggings; in the 1753 the first ercolanesi papyruses were recovered and were constituted a Workshop of the Papyruses for the study and the analysis; in 1755 it came founded the Academy Ercolanese di Archeologia with the most famous intellectuals of the time; in 1777 Ferdinand IV it inaugurated the Real Borbonico Museum in the Palace of the Regi Studies (puts into effect them National Archaeological Museum) in order to contain all the ancient museale repertorio of the Reign, with the two great nuclei espositi you of the Farnese Collection and the reperti of Pompei, Stabia and Ercolano. The structure accommodated also the centers della Real Ercolanese Academy, della Real Academy delle Sciences (1732, third after that one of London and that one of Paris) and della Real Academy of Beautiful Limbs (1752, before in Italy) constituting the first great Italian cultural pole and one goddesses more important cultural poles to world-wide level. In 1752 it had been instituted the first chair of astronomy in Italy and the 1819 first Astronomical Observatory to Capodimonte. E' of the 1762 Academy of Architecture, one of first and more prestigious in Europe, inaugurated with to that one of Madrid for wanting of Carl di Borbone. Of greatest international prestige also the School of Cartography: in the 1792 Neapolitan Marine Atlas it replaced that English. In 1801 the first Mineralogico Museum of the world was inaugurated while, subsequently, they had been capacities a.termine or widens you the plans of Murat for the Botanical Garden and the Museum of Antropologia and Zoologia, between first to the world. Between the first in Europe also Center Sismologico Vesuviano. On purpose of scientific experimentations to the vanguard, they cannot not be signaled also to this Saint purpose Leucio with its complete productive cycle that went from the worm to the finished product or the center of situated agricultural and pastorale experimentation in Real of Carditello near Capua or the same ones turns out to you caught up in the breeding of the horses: the horse of Neapolitan race, in fact, was to along one risen of modern "Ferrari" near the courts of average world for elegance and ability (powerful neck of swan and legs). In 1860 the Association of Bologna regolator for the city of Naples and between Association of Bologna of this kind in Italy was approved of. Francisco II, in fact, little days before leaving the Reign, gave to the opportune indications in matter urban planning "held account of the increased population and the continuous and extraordinary demands for wide localities created from the great development of the industries, the commerce and navigation of this city understood them". The plan cured from Sabatini architect previewed also the creation of a "directional center" of Naples just in the area where it has been realized approximately 150 years after, connecting it with one "metropolitan" railway line of five kilometers to historical center (15). Between industry and culture some other data: they were the 113 active printing offices in the single one understood them around to 1860; tens the scientific and cultural newspapers and specialistiche reviews also (from the Archaeological Bullettino to that one of geography, standard-bearer of odierni periodic for travels and the tourism, from the Announcement of Sciences Chemistries and Pharmaceutics, to the Propagatore of natural sciences, from the legal Spectator to the Gazette of the Courts, from the Echo of the Industries to the manufacturer until the friend of the Comedians and the Singers...); the 400 titles publish them to you every year (number more than considerable also for our times); a hundred quite the newspapers and the giornaletti prints to you little before the aim of the reign and in great part "revolutionary" to demonstration of the relativity of the proverbiale severit? of borbonica police (16). Not to case, of the rest, considered the climate in which to the culture and sciences of the time were developed, in 1845 was organized just in understood them of the Reign of the Two Sicilie WAYS International Conference of the Scientists. A lot meant to you, finally, some supremacies in the field of the industries and the handicraft productions. To the Industrial Extension of Paris in 1856, the Reign of the Two Sicilie turned out to be the third industrial power of the world after England and France, before in Italy. To the same extension the pastes and the corals gained the first prize for the quality of the products. If, as has been said, the factory metal and mechanics of Pietrarsa were the first factory metal and mechanics of Italy, the yard of Castellammare was largest and modern (beyond 2000 laborers in 1856). From supremacy also the production of paper (with the first factories motorized) and of gloves: until 700.000 dozens of it seems every year (the 100,000 dozens produced from all the other Italian states). Meaningful also some relative data to the present industries, as an example, in zones like the Lucania or the Salernitano: between they the tanneries of Lauria, Vibonati, Go it, Torraca and Sapri; various valuable the present distilleries to Power and the productions of "optimal linens, cottons and wools" in the convent of the Gerolomine of the same city to confirmation of a tradition that it joined, in all the Reign, the attendance to the formation and production (17). In order to conclude, then, little but meant supremacies to you of economic nature: the first chair of economy (entrusted to the Genovesi); the quotation to 120% of the unearned income of the Neapolitan state to the Ag of the Paris nel1860 (highest than all the countries); the smaller revenue tax burden in Europe; of 668 million Lira-gold, patrimony of all the Italian states puttinges with 443 million were of the Reign of Two Sicilie (18); the understood one them of the Reign, moreover, it turned out to be the popolosa city of Italy (447,065 inhabitants regarding the 204,715 of Turin or to the 194,587 of Rome, like is found from the census of 1861); the 1.189.582 attache's to the industry in Southern Italy continental second the data of the first Italian census of 1861, 2.569.000 those to agriculture, 189,504 to the commerce, the 130,597 publics employ to you, 534,485 freelance, 240,000 soldiers and assigned to public safety (tasks that, made the necessary proportions, in Piemonte and Liguria the attache's to the industry were 345,563, those to agriculture 1.341.867; in Lombardy 465,003 in the industry, 1.086.028 in agriculture). Meant also the relative data to you you to the movement of relative import and export you to the last years of the reign, for the strong positive tendency, held also account of the fact that in those years the market prices endured light decreases and not amenti: 29.291.507 ducati from 1845 to 1849, 31.111.292 ducati from the 18450 to 1854, 34.355.860 ducati from 1855 to 1860 (19). Nearly to synthetize the picture traced in these pages, the word was not known "emigration" in the Reign of the Two Sicilie, with the exception of many other countries of the rest of Italy and of how much then it had to happen endured after the unification. NOTES (1) M. Vocino, Supremacies of the Reign of Naples, Naples, s.d., p. 150 (2) R. de Sanctis, new science to Naples between ` the 700 and the 800, Bariums, 1986 (3) History of Naples, vol. IX, Quarry of i Tyrrhenian, 1972, p.234 (4) A.Marchebeus, Vojage de Paris ? Costantinople par bateau ? vapeur, Paris, 1839 (5) Newspaper of Two Sicilie, Naples, 20 May 1850; C. Perrino, Considerations on the unit of Italy, Mantova, 1998, pp. 50-52 (6) Michele de Jorio, Code marine Ferdinandeo or Codice compiled for order of S. M. Ferdinand IV king of the Two Sicilie, Naples, MDCCLXXXI, voll. 4 (7) Decree Real of the 24 July 1839 (8) F. Durelli, historical Signal of Ferdinand II, Naples, 1859, pp. 230, 231; D. Capecelatro Gaudioso, 1860 landslide of Naples understood them, Naples, 1972, pp. 195-198 (9) "Colorful Poliorama", 16 August 1852 (10) Naples and its vicinities, Naples, 1845, pp. 25-26 (11) G. Berlinguer, Vitalit?, Rome, 1970; M. de Luzemberger, Saint Giuseppe to Chiaia and R-al.mercato Carminello, Naples, 2001, pp. 89-101 (12) M. Vocino cit., p. 22 and sgg.; Ferdinand IV di Borbone, Origin of the Population of Saint Leucio, and its progresses until the day today hill you read correspondents to the good Government of it, Naples, Real Printing office, 1789, rist.1816, introduction (personally contains the Charter of Saint Leucio, written up from the monarch). (13) To Orlandi, Memories of the South, Bariums, 1997, p.119. (14) Decree Real of 22 March 1823 and cfr. Guido Landi Institutions of public right of the Reign of Two Sicilie (1815-1861, Milan, 1977, pp. 238, 239 (15) Decree Real of the 28 you open them 1860, n.676 (16) Piero Antonio Volume, Newspapers and journalists to Naples, Naples, 1999, pp. 69-71 (17) Cfr. G. De Crescenzo, the industries of the Reign of Naples, Naples, 2002 (18) Cfr. G. Meo, On pays in the Reign of Naples and F. S. Nitti, Science of finances, Rome, p. 292 (19) D. Capecelatro Gaudioso, Landslide of Naples understood them cit., pp. 206-207 (from one statistics of the contained Chamber of Commerce in one relation of 1865) In extreme synthesis, from precious and nearly of all unknown statistics of the time, it turns out an enormous and unexpected amount of productions realized diffusely in all the Reign: from the washing machines (Armingaud, in use near the able Hotel of the Poor ones of Naples and to wash until 1200 shirts) to the lightning rods, from the coverallses for divers to sportelloni the anti-fire, from the hill to the umbrellas, from the oil of bergamot (200,000 pounds single in Calabria) to the "riggiole" (exported also to Tunisi), from the nails head in straw (20,000 to the year to Civitella of the Tronto) to the matches, from soaps to pianoforti (the famous those of Raffaele Dumb), from the scents (export to you also in the United States) to medicinal ones, from the scissors to the coins (the 300 dependent of the Mint of State), from the goniometers to the clocks... (the Archives of State of Naples, bottom Ministry Agriculture Industry and Commerce, bundle 484). The industries in Southern Italy continental were approximately cinquemila and the percentage of occupied between the active population before the Unit of Italy was equal to 6% with tips (Naples, Earth of job, Southern and Northern Principato) near 11%: in average with the percentages of the occupied ones of the industries of the rest of Italy, 27% of the workers of the Italian industries were in Southern Italy continental But this process was interrupted with the consequences that all we know and that all we recognize today also, for the roads or the periphery of our cities and with articulate but clear motivations of which we make only some example: In the june of 1854 for before it turns an Italian ship to vapor, after 26 days of navigation, arrived to New York: it was the steamboat "Sicily", fruit of the plan of an intentional society from Ferdinand II "for the periodic way between Real the Dominii and the Americas [... ] spezialmente pel traffic of those commodities that in along travel subject would go to lose strength themselves". Some years after the Unit of Italy, along same the longest one broken off, those "commodities" more tragically will be replaced from million meridionals forced emigrating... Probably this new terminology is not of the all adapted one to frame sure data and sure events. They remain valid, but, some indications: the Borbone had intuito that, of forehead to the liberalism and unbridled Capitalism that they were left over and also of forehead to the successive social-comunismo that already could be caught a glimpse, third via, a possibility valid alternative and existed and could be continuation: that one of a moderate and measured liberalism, with a necessary protectionism and a deeply Christian respect of the man and the atmosphere, its aspirations and its vocations, without sottrarsi prioristically R-al.mercato and to its laws. And if we think, as an example, to how much they could only be useful and effective a true defense and a true valorization of our products (is always puts into effect them our campaign "compraSud") or to as a wild industrialization of the flegrea area could be mistaken, draft still of things extremely puts into effect them.